| Darwin's finches or Galapagos finches are species of small finches, constituting the subfamily Geospizinae of the finch family. This group of thirteen species is confined to the Galapagos Islands, except a single species found on Cocos Island, about 600 mi (960 km) northeast. The Galapagos finches special adaptation to various habitats were important evidence considered by Charles Darwin in formulating the theory of evolution; they are a striking example of adaptive radiation.
Geographically isolated and without competition from similar species, the Galapagos Islands finches developed distinctive anatomy (particularly beak size and shape) and behaviors, with each species exploiting a unique feeding niche. The beak is adapted in the different species for different purposes, such as crushing seeds, pecking wood, and probing flowers for nectar.
The woodpecker finch, Cactospiza pallida, an insect-eater, holds twigs and cactus spines in its beak to fish out larvae in tree cavities. Darwin proposed that the Galapagos finches evolved on the islands from a single species of finch from mainland South America. Modern methods of DNA (genetic) analysis have confirmed his insight. Darwin's finches are classified in three genera of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Aves, order Passeriformes, family Fringillidae, subfamily Geospizinae.
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